Finance:Liberal Initiative

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Short description: Liberal political party in Portugal
Liberal Initiative

Iniciativa Liberal
AbbreviationIL
PresidentMariana Leitão
Secretary-GeneralRui Ribeiro
Vice presidentsRicardo Pais Oliveira
Mário Amorim Lopes
André Abrantes Amaral
Paulo Trezentos
Founded13 December 2017
HeadquartersAvenida do Bessa, 158 E 4100-012 Porto
Membership (2025)Increase 7,258[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right to right-wing[5]
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
Colours     Sky Blue
Assembly of the RepublicTemplate:Political party data
European ParliamentTemplate:Political party data
Regional
Parliaments
2 / 104
Local government
(Mayors)
0 / 308
Local government
(Parishes)
2 / 3,216
Election symbol
20px
Party flag
Website
Template:Political party data

The Liberal Initiative (Portuguese: Iniciativa Liberal pt, IL) is a liberal political party in Portugal. Founded in 2017, it is currently led by Mariana Leitão, who was elected in July 2025.[6] The party has been described as being on the political right by academics and journalists.[7][8][9] It has 9 elected seats out of a total of 230 in the Portuguese Parliament.[10]

The party was founded in December 2017, and in October 2019, its debut year at the Portuguese legislative elections, it won one seat in the Portuguese Parliament.[11] It had run in its first elections in May 2019 for the European Parliament and in 2020 supported its first government coalition, at regional level, after the 2020 Azorean regional election.[12]

The party espouses a liberal economic platform, supporting a simplification and reduction of the tax burden, liberalisation of the labour market,[13] an equitable and universal welfare state,[14][15] as well as cultural and secular liberalism.[16][17]

History

The Liberal Initiative was founded as an association in 2016, and was approved as a party by the Constitutional Court in 2017.[18] It was admitted to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, a European political party, in November 2017,[19][20][21] having run for election for the first time in the 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal, garnering 0.9% of the votes, and failing to win any seats in the European Parliament.[22] In the 2019 legislative election, the party won a single seat in the Portuguese Parliament through the electoral district of Lisbon, earning 67,681 votes in total, equivalent to 1.3% of the votes cast.[11] At the regional level, IL supported its first government coalition after the 2020 Azorean regional election.[12] In the 2021 Portuguese local elections, it won 26 seats in municipal assemblies, and none in municipal councils.[23] In the 2022 legislative election, the Liberal Initiative party increased the number of its MPs from one to eight with 5.0% of the vote.[24] Besides João Cotrim Figueiredo (already an MP at the Portuguese Parliament and incumbent party leader), IL elected seven new MPs for the party, including Carlos Guimarães Pinto (a former party leader), as MPs.

Ideology and platform

The party has been described as liberal,[13][25] neoliberal,[26] conservative liberal,[27] and social liberal.[28] It has been described as centre-right[33] and right-wing[40].

According to its own official statements about this topic, the Liberal Initiative was founded with the Oxford Manifesto in mind and believes in individual freedom, by which all individuals have fundamental rights, including the possibility of having a life of their own, owning property or choosing how they want to live in their community, closely following the principles of classical liberalism.[41] The party's conception of freedom encompasses both the economic and social spheres as well as the political and individual spheres,[42] and believes that if any of them are restricted, freedom ceases to exist.[43][44][45][46] The party's political ideas are based on the idea of freedom as the greatest engine of human development, social harmony and economic prosperity.[43][47][48][17] The party's leaders and founders have ascertained that they envisage Portugal as a country that will model itself on Germany's multi-payer health care system – which is paid for by a combination of public health insurance and private health insurance – on Ireland's corporate tax policy and on Estonia's fiscal, educational, and public administration systems,[49][50] following classical liberal economic policies.

On 5 May 2018, the Liberal Initiative approved its political programme under the slogan "Less State, More Freedom" (Menos Estado, Mais Liberdade).[51] The party proposes the reduction of the number of civil servants and the extension of their health system to all Portuguese citizens, as well as extending the freedom for parents to choose their children's school without it necessarily being linked to their address.[52]

The party, which describes itself as a big-tent liberal party,[53] rejects the political philosophy of libertarianism, arguing that while it defends a reduction in the size of the state and opposes economic interventionism in principle, it also defends an effective government which guarantees the rule of law, universal healthcare, universal education, social security and a welfare state.[54] The party does not favour the dismantling of the Portuguese welfare state, instead defending its rationalisation based on the principles of "sustainability and equity" towards both social welfare beneficiaries and taxpayers, regardless of individual demographic factors.[15][55][14]

Platform for the 2019 legislative election

Among the measures announced for the 2019 parliamentary elections were:

  • Introducing a flat income tax rate of 15%.
  • Extending coverage by the ADSE [pt; pt] ("Instituto de Proteção e Assistência na Doença") to all Portuguese citizens. This body is in charge of health care, and works like a health insurance, for the Portuguese civil servants only.
  • Providing freedom of choice of school in both the state-owned and privately owned systems, through a school-voucher system.
  • Granting more freedom for universities to define admission criteria, and following the American and British models for universities by adopting a student loan funding system.

Party factions

The Liberal Initiative has a number of internal factions:[56][57][58]

Rui Rocha, former party leader.

Classical liberalism

This faction defends opposition to socialism through classical liberalism, calling for a low tax burden and promoting "efficient, effective and accountable government", while defending respect for individual, social, political and economic freedoms.[59]

Social liberalism

This faction adheres to the principles of social liberalism.[59] In 2024, a former candidate to the leadership of IL left the party and tried to establish a new party called the Social Liberal Party.[60]

Conservative liberalism

The faction supporting conservative liberalism, although being liberal on economic issues, is more conservative on social issues.[59] By 25 November 2023, most of the members from this faction had left the party,[61] with two joining Chega.[62][63]

Organization

Structure and communication

Outdoor.

The party is organized and managed in a decentralized, digitized way. It has no physical headquarters in most municipalities of the country and makes heavy use of information and communication technologies.[64] Since its foundation, the party made an impact through the acclaimed originality of its communication and marketing campaigns, in particular its eye-catching billboards.[65][66]

Leadership

List of presidents

Name Portrait Constituency Start End Prime minister
1 Miguel Ferreira da Silva
(b. 1972) 		90x90px Lisbon 26 November 2017 13 October 2018 António Costa (2015–2024)
2 Carlos Guimarães Pinto
(b. 1983) 		91x91px Porto 13 October 2018 8 December 2019
3 João Cotrim de Figueiredo
(b. 1961) 		106x106px Lisbon 8 December 2019 22 January 2023
4 Rui Rocha
(b. 1970) 		88x88px Braga 22 January 2023 31 May 2025
Luís Montenegro (since 2024)
– Miguel Rangel (interim)
(b. 1976) 		Porto 31 May 2025 19 July 2025
5 Mariana Leitão
(b. 1982) 		130x130px Lisbon 19 July 2025 present

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Elected politicians

Members of the Assembly of the Republic

17th Legislature (2025 – present)
  • Mariana Leitão (Lisbon)
  • Rodrigo Saraiva (Lisbon)
  • Angélique da Teresa (Lisbon)
  • Jorge Miguel Teixeira (Lisbon)
  • Carlos Guimarães Pinto (Porto)
  • Miguel Rangel (Porto)
  • Rui Rocha (Braga)
  • Joana Cordeiro (Setúbal)
  • Mário Amorim Lopes (Aveiro)
16th Legislature (2024 – 2025)
  • Bernardo Blanco (Lisbon)
    André Abrantes Amaral – from February 2025 to March 2025
  • Mariana Leitão (Lisbon)
  • Rodrigo Saraiva (Lisbon)
  • Carlos Guimarães Pinto (Porto)
    Albino Ramos – from December 2024 to January 2025
  • Patrícia Gilvaz (Porto)
  • Rui Rocha (Braga)
  • Joana Cordeiro (Setúbal)
  • Mário Amorim Lopes (Aveiro)
15th Legislature (2022 – 2024)
  • João Cotrim de Figueiredo (Lisbon)
  • Carla Castro (Lisbon)
  • Rodrigo Saraiva (Lisbon)
  • Bernardo Blanco (Lisbon)
  • Carlos Guimarães Pinto (Porto)
  • Patrícia Gilvaz (Porto)
  • Rui Rocha (Braga)
  • Joana Cordeiro (Setúbal)
14th Legislature (2019 – 2022)
  • João Cotrim de Figueiredo (Lisbon)

Members of the European Parliament

10th Legislature (2024 – present)
  • João Cotrim de Figueiredo
  • Ana Martins

Election results

Assembly of the Republic

Vote share in the Portuguese legislative elections <timeline> ImageSize = width:250 height:200 PlotArea = width:188 height:170 left:40 bottom:20 AlignBars = justify

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Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
2019 Carlos Guimarães Pinto 67,681 1.3 (#8)
1 / 230
 New Opposition
2022 João Cotrim de Figueiredo 273,687 4.9 (#4)
8 / 230
 Increase 7 Opposition
2024 Rui Rocha 319,877 4.9 (#4)
8 / 230
 Steady 0 Opposition
2025 338,974 5.4 (#4)
9 / 230
 Increase 1 Opposition

Presidential

Election Candidate Votes % Result
2021 Tiago Mayan Gonçalves 134,991 3.2 (#6) Lost Red XN

European Parliament

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
2019 Ricardo Arroja 29,114 0.9 (#11)
0 / 21
 –
2024 João Cotrim de Figueiredo 358,811 9.1 (#4)
2 / 21
 Increase 2 RE

Local elections

Includes members elected within coalitions with IL.

Election Leader Votes % Mayors +/- Councillors +/- Assemblies +/- Parishes +/- Parish Assemblies +/-
2021 João Cotrim Figueiredo 64,849 1.3 (#8)
0 / 308
 New
1 / 2,064
 New
30 / 6,448
 New
0 / 3,066
 New
58 / 26,797
 New
2025 Mariana Leitão 87,809 1.6 (#6)
0 / 308
 Steady 0
9 / 2,058
 Increase 8
90 / 6,463
 Increase 60
2 / 3,216
 Increase 2
178 / 27,973
 Increase 120

Regional Assemblies

Region Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
Azores 2024 Nuno Barata 2,482 2.2 (#5)
1 / 57
 Steady 0 Opposition
Madeira 2025 Gonçalo Maia Camelo 3,097 2.2 (#6)
1 / 47
 Steady 0 Opposition

References

  1. ↑ "Iniciativa Liberal. Ficha do partido". 30 January 2025. https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/iniciativa-liberal-ficha-do-partido_n1630854. 
  2. ↑ "Iniciativa Liberal é um partido de esquerda ou direita? O que respondem os membros da IL" (in pt). 12 December 2021. https://observador.pt/2021/12/12/iniciativa-liberal-e-um-partido-de-esquerda-ou-direita-o-que-respondem-os-militantes-da-il/. 
  3. ↑ "Portugal terá Parlamento mais plural e com estreia da extrema direita" (in pt). 7 October 2019. https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/portugal-tera-parlamento-mais-plural-com-estreia-da-extrema-direita-24002577. 
  4. ↑ "O debate em que a Iniciativa Liberal pisca à esquerda e à direita como Ruth Marlene e o CDS "cancela um grupo parlamentar inteiro"" (in pt). 5 January 2022. https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/iniciativa-liberal/cds-pp/a-direita-tradicional-e-liberal-discordam-em-tudo-menos-numa-coisa-o-chega/20220105/61d5e89b0cf21847f0a340a2. 
  5. ↑ [2][3][4]
  6. ↑ "Mariana Leitão eleita presidente da Iniciativa Liberal com 73% dos votos" (in pt). 2025-07-19. https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/2025-07-19-mariana-leitao-eleita-presidente-da-iniciativa-liberal-com-73-dos-votos-bf7d56de. 
  7. ↑ Giorgi, Elisabetta De; Santana-Pereira, José (2021) (in en). The Exceptional Case of Post-Bailout Portugal. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-46262-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=CLs8EAAAQBAJ. ""(...) due to both the rise of two new right-wing parties, the liberal IL (Iniciativa Liberal – Liberal Initiative) (...)"" 
  8. ↑ Botelho, Catarina Santos; Ribeiro, Ana Teresa (2020). "Portugal" (in en). I-CONnect-Clough Center 2019 Global Review of Constitutional Law: Country Reports. Clough Center for the Study of Constitutional Democracy. ISBN 978-1-7343197-1-2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3742104. ""(...) two new right-wing parties (the radical right 'CHEGA' and the liberals 'Iniciativa Liberal') entered the Portuguese parliament (...)"" 
  9. ↑ Jalali, Carlos; Moniz, Joāo; Silva, Patrícia. "In the Shadow of the 'Government of the Left': The 2019 Legislative Elections in Portugal". In Giorgi & Santana-Pereira (2021), pp. 229-255. "The third noteworthy party on the right was IL (Iniciativa Liberal – Liberal Initiative) (...)"
  10. ↑ "Sobre os grupos parlamentares" (in pt-PT). https://www.parlamento.pt:443/DeputadoGP/Paginas/GruposParlamentares_sobre.aspx. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Legislativas 2019 – Resultados Globais". https://www.legislativas2019.mai.gov.pt/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Iniciativa Liberal anuncia acordo com PSD para viabilização de governo nos Açores". 7 November 2020. https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/politica/iniciativa-liberal-anuncia-acordo-com-psd-para-viabilizacao-de-governo-nos-acores-13011462.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Riccardo Marchi; Andre Azevedo Alves (2022). "The Right and the Far Right in the Portuguese Democracy (1974-2022)". The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Politics. OUP Oxford. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-266773-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=EaCTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "O Estado social da Iniciativa Liberal" (in pt-PT). https://expresso.pt/opiniao/2019-10-15-O-Estado-social-da-Iniciativa-Liberal. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Iniciativa Liberal quer menos intervenção do Estado e quintuplicar representação no Parlamento" (in pt). 13 January 2022. https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/iniciativa-liberal-quer-menos-intervencao-do-estado-e-quintuplicar-representacao-no-parlamento_es1376166. 
  16. ↑ Sampaio, Gustavo (22 July 2017). "Há algum partido verdadeiramente liberal em Portugal?" (in pt-PT). https://jornaleconomico.pt/noticias/ha-algum-partido-verdadeiramente-liberal-em-portugal-185554/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Portugal com rumo liberal" (in pt). 21 February 2023. https://expresso.pt/opiniao/2023-02-21-Portugal-com-rumo-liberal-d1a346aa. 
  18. ↑ "Iniciativa Liberal já é um partido". 16 December 2017. https://eco.sapo.pt/2017/12/16/iniciativa-liberal-ja-e-um-partido/. 
  19. ↑ "ALDE Member Parties". https://www.aldeparty.eu/alde_member_parties. 
  20. ↑ "Meet our leaders: João Cotrim Figueiredo (Iniciativa Liberal, Portugal)". https://www.aldeparty.eu/meet_our_leaders_joao_cotrim_figueiredo. 
  21. ↑ "ALDE welcomes new member parties | ALDE Party". https://www.aldeparty.eu/news/alde-welcomes-new-member-parties. 
  22. ↑ "Europeias 2019 – Resultados Globais". https://www.eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/europeias2019/. 
  23. ↑ "Resultados Autárquicas 2021. Veja quem ganhou no seu município e na sua freguesia". 26 September 2021. https://observador.pt/interativo/veja-todos-os-resultados-das-autarquicas-2/#/. 
  24. ↑ "Portugal election: Key takeaways as Socialists cement power" (in en). 31 January 2022. https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/31/portugal-election-three-takeaways-as-socialists-cement-power. 
  25. ↑ "Portugal". 2022. http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/portugal.html. 
  26. ↑ "Glossary". Religion, Gender, and Populism in the Mediterranean. Taylor & Francis. 2024. p. 136. ISBN 9781000987515. https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnZEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT136. 
  27. ↑ Marina Costa Lobo (2023). "Portugal: EU Issue Voting in Mainstream and Challenger Parties". in Marina Costa Lobo. The Impact of EU Politicisation on Voting Behaviour in Europe. Springer Nature. p. 281. ISBN 9783031291876. https://books.google.com/books?id=jnC9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA281. 
  28. ↑ Vasconcelos e Sousa, João (22 January 2023). "Sociais-liberais contra conservadores: há "luta de classes" na IL?" (in pt). https://www.jn.pt/nacional/sociais-liberais-contra-conservadores-ha-luta-de-classes-na-il-15702338.html/. 
  29. ↑ "PS mais absoluto, PSD em queda livre. Aliança e Iniciativa Liberal podem eleger". TSF. 31 August 2019. https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/politica/ps-mais-absoluto-psd-em-queda-livre-alianca-e-iniciativa-liberal-podem-eleger-11252330.html. 
  30. ↑ Jones, Sam (2024-03-11). "Portugal election: leader of winning centre-right party calls on rivals not to stand in his way" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/11/portugal-election-leader-of-winning-centre-right-party-calls-on-rivals-not-to-stand-in-his-way. 
  31. ↑ "Voltou a guerra dos cartazes. PS diz "cumprimos", Iniciativa Liberal satiriza "com primos"". Renascença. 7 August 2019. https://rr.pt/noticia/legislativas-2019/2019/08/07/voltou-a-guerra-dos-cartazes-ps-diz-cumprimos-iniciativa-liberal-satiriza-com-primos/160469/. 
  32. ↑ "Portugal terá Parlamento mais plural e com estreia da extrema direita" (in pt-BR). 2019-10-07. https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/portugal-tera-parlamento-mais-plural-com-estreia-da-extrema-direita-24002577. 
  33. ↑ [29][30][31][32]
  34. ↑ Rui Alexandre Novais (2023). "A Game of Masks: The Communicative Performance of the Portuguese Populist Far-Right". Masks and Human Connections: Disruptive Meanings and Cultural Challenges. Springer Nature. p. 88. ISBN 9783031166730. https://books.google.com/books?id=9RGrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88. 
  35. ↑ Jorge M. Fernandes; Miguel Won (2021). "Portugal: debating in a party-centred legislature". The Politics of Legislative Debates. Oxford University Press. p. 677. ISBN 978-0-19-884906-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi5CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA677. 
  36. ↑ João Carvalho (2022). "Portugal: From Exception to the Epicentre". in Kennet Lynggaard. Governments' Responses to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Europe: Navigating the Perfect Storm. Springer Nature. p. 69. ISBN 9783031141454. https://books.google.com/books?id=JHKfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69. 
  37. ↑ Enrico Borghetto; Marco Lisi (2020). "Legislative activities before and after the Great Recession". Political Representation and Citizenship in Portugal: From Crisis to Renewal. Lexington. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-7936-0116-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=_9LoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197. 
  38. ↑ Catarina Santos Botelho; Ana Teresa Ribeiro (7 February 2021). "Portugal – The 2019 I·CONnect-Clough Center Global Review of Constitutional Law". SSRN 3742104.
  39. ↑ Elisabetta De Giorgi, ed (3 February 2021). "The Exceptional Case of Post-Bailout Portugal: A Comparative Outlook". South European Society and Politics 25 (2): 127–150. doi:10.1080/13608746.2021.1872152. 
  40. ↑ [34][35][36][37][38][39]
  41. ↑ Jorge Martins Rosa; Daniel Cardoso, eds (2019). "A Construção da Identidade dos Novos Partidos em Páginas Oficiais do Facebook". https://proa.ua.pt/index.php/jdmi/article/view/3822/2892. 
  42. ↑ Porto Editora – Iniciativa Liberal (partido político) na Infopédia [em linha]. Porto: Porto Editora. [consult. 25 September 2023 09:36:48]. Disponível em https://www.infopedia.pt/$iniciativa-liberal-(partido-politico)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Sampaio, Gustavo (22 July 2017). ""Os liberais não querem destruir o Estado, querem um Estado forte e eficiente para atuar quando deve atuar"" (in pt-PT). https://jornaleconomico.pt/noticias/os-liberais-nao-querem-destruir-o-estado-querem-um-estado-forte-e-eficiente-para-atuar-quando-deve-atuar-185558/. 
  44. ↑ "Há três ou quatro anos? "Quase que era um crime falar de liberalismo"" (in pt). 28 September 2022. https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/politica/2081301/ha-tres-ou-quatro-anos-quase-que-era-um-crime-falar-de-liberalismo. 
  45. ↑ Torres, Francisco Pimentel (26 September 2019). "Liberalismo e liberdade individual e igualdade perante a lei" (in pt-PT). https://vilanovaonline.pt/2019/09/26/liberalismo-e-liberdade-individual-e-igualdade-perante-a-lei/. 
  46. ↑ Pinto, Sónia (22 December 2022). "'A Iniciativa Liberal vai chegar ao Governo'". https://sol.sapo.pt/2022/12/11/a-iniciativa-liberal-vai-chegar-ao-governo/. 
  47. ↑ "Iniciativa Liberal, Livre e Chega. O que defendem os novos partidos?". 7 October 2019. https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/economia/iniciativa-liberal-livre-e-chega-o-que-defendem-os-novos-partidos-12773949.html. 
  48. ↑ "Iniciativa Liberal. Eles querem ser os "rebeldes responsáveis" do Parlamento". https://expresso.pt/legislativas-2019/2019-10-07-Iniciativa-Liberal.-Eles-querem-ser-os-rebeldes-responsaveis-do-Parlamento. 
  49. ↑ "Tiago Mayan debate com André Ventura". https://liberalmayan.pt/2021/01/tiago-mayan-debate-com-andre-ventura/. 
  50. ↑ Dias, Miguel Viterbo. "Iniciativa Liberal quer ex-Primeiro-Ministro da Estónia a pensar a reforma do estado português". https://observador.pt/2019/02/15/iniciativa-liberal-quer-ex-primeiro-ministro-da-estonia-a-pensar-a-reforma-do-estado-portugues/. 
  51. ↑ ""Parece que não sabem que o muro de Berlim caiu e o sistema falhou"". 6 May 2018. https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/610907/parece-que-nao-sabem-que-o-muro-de-berlim-caiu-e-o-sistema-falhou?seccao=Portugal_i. 
  52. ↑ "Iniciativa Liberal aprova programa político que defende redução de funcionários públicos". https://www.dn.pt/lusa/iniciativa-liberal-aprova-programa-politico-que-defende-reducao-de-funcionarios-publicos-9312228.html. 
  53. ↑ "O PARTIDO DE TODOS OS LIBERAIS". https://iniciativaliberal.pt/identidade/. 
  54. ↑ "João Cotrim Figueiredo. 'Ninguém da Iniciativa Liberal está à procura de um tacho'". 5 December 2019. https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/679243/joao-cotrim-figueiredo-ninguem-da-iniciativa-liberal-esta-a-procura-de-um-tacho?seccao=Portugal_i. 
  55. ↑ Castro, Carla (May 2023). "Reforma do Sistema de Pensões – é dificil, mas tem de ser" (in pt). https://www.publico.pt/2023/05/01/opiniao/opiniao/reforma-sistema-pensoes-dificil-2048080. 
  56. ↑ Melissa Lopes. "Rui Rocha eleito o novo presidente da Iniciativa Liberal" (in pt-PT). https://onovo.pt/politica/rui-rocha-eleito-o-novo-presidente-da-iniciativa-liberal-OE13609412. 
  57. ↑ "Apupos, "carneirada", "ignorantes" e "paus mandados". O dia em que as fraturas na IL ficaram expostas" (in pt-PT). https://observador.pt/especiais/apupos-carneirada-ignorantes-e-paus-mandados-o-dia-em-que-as-fraturas-na-il-ficaram-expostas/. 
  58. ↑ Lopes, Melissa (23 June 2023). "Iniciativa Liberal: disputa no núcleo de Lisboa replica luta interna" (in pt-PT). https://onovo.sapo.pt/noticias/iniciativa-liberal-disputa-no-nucleo-de-lisboa-replica-luta-interna/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Spranger, Paulo (22 January 2023). "Sociais-liberais contra conservadores: há "luta de classes" na IL?" (in pt-PT). https://www.jn.pt/nacional/sociais-liberais-contra-conservadores-ha-luta-de-classes-na-il-15702338.html. 
  60. ↑ Gomes, Margarida (2024-06-04). "Dissidentes da IL querem novo partido liberal já para disputar autárquicas de 2025" (in pt). https://www.publico.pt/2024/06/04/politica/noticia/dissidentes-il-querem-novo-partido-liberal-ja-disputar-autarquicas-2025-2092755. 
  61. ↑ "Membros da IL anunciam saída por o partido se ter "tornado numa caricatura"" (in pt-PT). 22 November 2023. https://www.dn.pt/politica/membros-da-il-anunciam-saida-por-o-partido-se-ter-tornado-numa-caricatura-17382531.html. 
  62. ↑ "Antigo líder da ala conservadora da IL anuncia adesão ao Chega" (in pt-PT). 24 November 2023. https://www.dn.pt/politica/antigo-lider-da-ala-conservadora-da-il-anuncia-adesao-ao-chega-17394286.html. 
  63. ↑ "Ex-cabeça de lista da Iniciativa Liberal junta-se ao Chega". https://www.dn.pt/politica/ex-cabeca-de-lista-da-iniciativa-liberal-junta-se-ao-chega-17497126.html. 
  64. ↑ Figueiredo, Inês André. "Iniciativa Liberal, a "startup política". Não têm sedes, são dissidentes de partidos tradicionais e querem ser como Mayan" (in pt-PT). https://observador.pt/especiais/iniciativa-liberal-a-startup-politica-nao-tem-sedes-sao-dissidentes-de-partidos-tradicionais-e-querem-ser-como-mayan/. 
  65. ↑ "Iniciativa Liberal. Uma dúzia de outdoors mudaram a vida do 'partido do Twitter'" (in pt-PT). 9 October 2019. https://www.dn.pt/poder/iniciativa-liberal-uma-duzia-de-outdoors-mudaram-a-vida-do-partido-do-twitter-11387496.html. 
  66. ↑ "A Criatividade nas Campanhas Políticas: O Caso do Partido Iniciativa Liberal | Autónoma Academy" (in pt-pt). https://academy.autonoma.pt/agenda/a-criatividade-nas-campanhas-politicas-o-caso-do-partido-iniciativa-liberal/. 
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